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Male reproductive system cancers - penis

About
Risks
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Prevention

Penile cancer is a rare malignancy that primarily affects the penis and is more common in men over the age of 60. This type of cancer can arise from various types of cells within the penile tissue, including squamous cells, and may present as a growth or sore that does not heal. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment, as localized disease has a better prognosis than metastatic disease.

Several risk factors are associated with penile cancer, including phimosis, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and poor hygiene. Men who smoke or have a history of sexually transmitted infections are also at an increased risk. Additionally, individuals with a weakened immune system or certain medical conditions, such as lichen sclerosus, may be at higher risk for developing this type of cancer.

Symptoms of penile cancer may include the presence of a lump or growth on the penis, persistent sores or ulcers, changes in skin color or texture, and abnormal discharge. Other potential signs can include pain or discomfort in the affected area and swollen lymph nodes in the groin, indicating possible spread of the disease. Early signs are often subtle, making it essential for men to pay attention to any changes in their genital region.

Penile cancer is primarily associated with multiple risk factors, including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly types 16 and 18, which can lead to malignant changes in the penile tissues. Other contributing factors may include poor hygiene, smoking, and conditions such as phimosis, where the foreskin cannot be retracted, leading to chronic irritation. Additionally, a history of sexually transmitted infections and a weakened immune system can also increase the risk.

Diagnosis of penile cancer typically involves a thorough physical examination followed by a biopsy of the suspicious area to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Imaging studies, such as ultrasound or MRI, may be employed to assess the extent of the disease and identify any lymph node involvement. In some cases, cystoscopy may be used to inspect the urinary tract for signs of cancerous changes.

Treatment for penile cancer often depends on the stage of the disease and may involve a combination of surgical procedures, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Early-stage cancers might be managed with local excision or circumcision, while more advanced cases may require partial or total penectomy. In cases where cancer has spread, systemic therapies such as immunotherapy may be considered to target cancer cells more effectively.

Preventive measures for penile cancer include practicing good hygiene, avoiding smoking, and receiving the HPV vaccine, which can protect against certain strains of the virus linked to this cancer. Regular self-examinations can help men detect unusual changes early. Additionally, seeking prompt medical attention for any persistent symptoms or concerns can lead to timely diagnosis and treatment.
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