Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects joints, but may also have systemic implications, impacting various organ systems. It is characterized by symmetrical joint inflammation, leading to joint pain, swelling, and potential joint destruction. RA occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's synovial tissues, resulting in an autoimmune response. Related diseases include other autoimmune conditions, such as Sjögren's syndrome and lupus, reflecting the complex interplay of immune dysregulation in these conditions.

Several factors increase the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, including genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and lifestyle choices. Female sex is a strong risk factor, with women being three times more likely to develop RA than men. Additionally, exposure to certain environmental factors, such as smoking and silica dust, can trigger or exacerbate the condition. Age also plays a role, with onset typically occurring between the ages of 30 and 60.

The symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis can vary widely among individuals but commonly include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and decreased range of motion, particularly in the hands, wrists, and knees. Morning stiffness lasting more than an hour is often considered a hallmark of the disease. RA may also present with systemic symptoms such as fatigue, fever, and weight loss, indicating its potential to affect overall health. In some cases, individuals may experience extra-articular manifestations, affecting organs such as the lungs, heart, and eyes.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder characterized by the body's immune system mistakenly attacking its own joint tissues. While the exact cause is not fully understood, genetic predisposition, hormonal factors, and environmental triggers such as smoking or viral infections are believed to contribute to the onset of the disease. The inflammatory response in RA leads to joint pain, swelling, and eventual damage if left untreated.

Diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Healthcare providers consider patient history, physical examination findings, and the presence of characteristic symptoms. Blood tests may reveal elevated inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), as well as the presence of specific antibodies, including rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). Imaging techniques, like X-rays and MRI, help assess joint damage and inflammation.

Management of rheumatoid arthritis typically involves a combination of medication and lifestyle modifications. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), such as methotrexate, are commonly prescribed to slow disease progression, while nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) help alleviate pain and inflammation. Physiotherapy and regular exercise can improve joint function, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or replace damaged joints.

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent rheumatoid arthritis, certain lifestyle modifications may reduce risk or delay onset. Maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, and avoiding smoking have all been associated with lower risk of developing RA. Additionally, a balanced diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids, may also contribute to joint health. Early intervention and management of at-risk individuals can potentially mitigate the severity of disease onset.